Making a Final ExitFinal disposition is a legal term for a very practical matter: how a body is disposed of after death. While there are many variations described below, presently in New Hampshire there are essentially two options: burial and cremation. Families may make all of the arrangements themselves or may hire a funeral director to assist with or make all arrangements. This page provides the information you need to “Do It Yourself”. (See How to Work With Professionals for tips on getting what you want from professionals.)
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Green/Natural Burial
According to the Green Burial Council, choosing natural burial is a way of caring for the dead with minimal environmental impact that aids in the conservation of natural resources, reduction of carbon emissions, protection of worker health, and the restoration and/or preservation of habitat. Green burial necessitates the use of non-toxic and biodegradable materials, such as caskets, shrouds, and urns, and may use GPS to locate graves rather than stone markers. Natural burial, whether in a hybrid, natural, or conservation cemetery setting, creates opportunities for family-led and family-designed body care and vigil, ceremony, and healing participation by family and friends, often including processionals to the grave, lowering of the body, and closing the grave by shoveling soil. (Read more about Types of Burial and Types of Cemeteries in our Glossary.)
New Hampshire currently has several green burial grounds available, though mostly in municipal cemeteries. Find a green burial cemetery near you at Green Burial Cemeteries in the US and Canada. If you are interested in creating green burial space near you, contact Lee for help with presentations, materials, and advice on how to get started. (See Speakers and Natural Burial ByLaw Language.)
New Hampshire currently has several green burial grounds available, though mostly in municipal cemeteries. Find a green burial cemetery near you at Green Burial Cemeteries in the US and Canada. If you are interested in creating green burial space near you, contact Lee for help with presentations, materials, and advice on how to get started. (See Speakers and Natural Burial ByLaw Language.)
Cremation
Direct (or Simple) Cremation
Direct cremation is typically the least expensive disposition option. This means that the body will be removed from the place of death and the family will be alerted when the cremation is complete. It includes an alternate container (usually made of cardboard), transportation within a specific range, sheltering of the deceased until the cremation is completed, the cremation, processing of all necessary forms and documents, and assistance with obituaries.
Cremation Services and Packages
Funeral homes and cremation providers offer packages that include different product and service options beyond what’s provided in a Direct Cremation. Many families choose to cremate and then plan a memorial service or celebration at another time, including interment of the cremated remains in a cemetery. Cremation packages, and products associated with cremated remains, can be arranged independently or with the assistance of a funeral home. Be sure to compare packages to a la carte components to get exactly what you want. (See How to Work with Professionals for more on coordinating directly with crematory staff.)
Witnessed Cremation
Witnessed cremations are exactly what they sound like: one or more family members being present at the facility, with the option of delivering the body into the cremation chamber, pushing the ignition button, and remaining through the end of the process. Not all crematory operators are open to it and not all funeral directors offer this product. Those who provide this by request may charge a small extra fee and may only be available certain days or times of day. For those who choose this option, being in control and present to the end can be impactful and rewarding.
Disposition of Cremated Remains
Disposition by cremation results in an average of 7-10 pounds of pulverized bone in the form of calcium phosphate and sodium. In New Hampshire, there are no state laws governing where you may keep or scatter cremated remains; the process of cremation is legally considered final disposition and the remains are “personal property” posing no health hazards and no longer governed by rules for the deceased. There are a few considerations:
Environmental Impact
Many people are unaware of the environmental impact of cremation, often erroneously believing it to be the greenest disposition method. Cremation burns fossil fuel, usually natural gas, at extremely high temperatures sustained for several hours per person, releasing 1.74 billion pounds of CO2 emissions annually in the US, and emitting a significant amount of mercury and heavy metals into the atmosphere that end up in our rivers and streams. (For more statistical evidence of the environmental impact of various methods, go to the Green Burial Council.)
To arrange a cremation, check with your local funeral director or crematory to see if they will accept a body directly from the family. Depending on their answer, you may be able to complete the home funeral through cremation process without hiring professional help unless desired. You will need to locate an alternate container, either online or from a funeral home or the crematory you are using. (See How to Work With Professionals.)
Direct cremation is typically the least expensive disposition option. This means that the body will be removed from the place of death and the family will be alerted when the cremation is complete. It includes an alternate container (usually made of cardboard), transportation within a specific range, sheltering of the deceased until the cremation is completed, the cremation, processing of all necessary forms and documents, and assistance with obituaries.
Cremation Services and Packages
Funeral homes and cremation providers offer packages that include different product and service options beyond what’s provided in a Direct Cremation. Many families choose to cremate and then plan a memorial service or celebration at another time, including interment of the cremated remains in a cemetery. Cremation packages, and products associated with cremated remains, can be arranged independently or with the assistance of a funeral home. Be sure to compare packages to a la carte components to get exactly what you want. (See How to Work with Professionals for more on coordinating directly with crematory staff.)
Witnessed Cremation
Witnessed cremations are exactly what they sound like: one or more family members being present at the facility, with the option of delivering the body into the cremation chamber, pushing the ignition button, and remaining through the end of the process. Not all crematory operators are open to it and not all funeral directors offer this product. Those who provide this by request may charge a small extra fee and may only be available certain days or times of day. For those who choose this option, being in control and present to the end can be impactful and rewarding.
Disposition of Cremated Remains
Disposition by cremation results in an average of 7-10 pounds of pulverized bone in the form of calcium phosphate and sodium. In New Hampshire, there are no state laws governing where you may keep or scatter cremated remains; the process of cremation is legally considered final disposition and the remains are “personal property” posing no health hazards and no longer governed by rules for the deceased. There are a few considerations:
- Environmental Considerations: Because of their chemical makeup, cremated remains are not fertile and, in fact, deter plant root growth; water scattering is relatively benign.
- Public lands and beaches: City, county, federal, and zoning restrictions may apply to scattering on public lands though generally an informal “don’t ask, don’t tell” practice prevails. The Environmental Protection Agency prohibits scattering on beaches or tidepools; see Burial at Sea for further detail on EPA requirements.
- Private land: Cremated remains cannot be placed on or scattered in other people’s private property without their permission. This includes private property owned by companies (for example, your father’s favorite baseball stadium).
- Cemeteries: While the idea of scattering cremated remains on the grave of another loved one may be comforting, they’re likely to end up in a compost pile after the groundskeepers mow the grass. Burying cremated remains in a cemetery requires the cemetery’s permission.
- Veterans: Any honorably discharged veteran, and their spouse and dependent children, may have their cremated remains placed in a national cemetery or buried at sea at no charge. (See Military Veteran Burial below.)
Environmental Impact
Many people are unaware of the environmental impact of cremation, often erroneously believing it to be the greenest disposition method. Cremation burns fossil fuel, usually natural gas, at extremely high temperatures sustained for several hours per person, releasing 1.74 billion pounds of CO2 emissions annually in the US, and emitting a significant amount of mercury and heavy metals into the atmosphere that end up in our rivers and streams. (For more statistical evidence of the environmental impact of various methods, go to the Green Burial Council.)
To arrange a cremation, check with your local funeral director or crematory to see if they will accept a body directly from the family. Depending on their answer, you may be able to complete the home funeral through cremation process without hiring professional help unless desired. You will need to locate an alternate container, either online or from a funeral home or the crematory you are using. (See How to Work With Professionals.)
Home Burial
Burial on home property is legal in NH. The following steps are all that is required. To print this list, go to Burial on Home Property in NH
State requirements (RSA 289) include:
Grave Preparation and Process
Process for Filing Paperwork to Bury on Private Land
State requirements (RSA 289) include:
- Must be a relative—you are creating a private family, not a public, cemetery.
- Must be recorded on the property deed upon transfer (real estate disclosure when the property is sold).
- Must provide a public right of way (a handwritten map with a parking spot, walking trail, and the gravesite marked on it is sufficient).
- Must be located 100' from any dwelling, store, school or business.
- Must be located 50' from known water sources and state highways.
- Must comply with local zoning ordinances.
- May be reported to the Municipal Cemetery Trustees as a courtesy.
Grave Preparation and Process
- Consider building a shrouding board for carrying and lowering into the grave if using a shroud only or including a pine board in the shroud design.
- Dig a test pit to ascertain the soil make up and identify any drainage issues (optional).
- Line the grave bottom with pine boughs or other biomass for ease of strap removal after lowering and for natural body decomposition.
- Bury around the 3.5 foot level, with 18 inches of soil above the chest or casket top.
- Add the rest of the displaced soil to the top mound—it will settle over time.
Process for Filing Paperwork to Bury on Private Land
- A completed and signed death certificate must be acquired from the medical authority in charge.
- With the medical portion complete, the next-of-kin may complete the demographic portion and sign as the director in charge.
- The death certificate is then taken to the Town Clerk in the town where the death occurred within 36 hours the death.
- There is no cost to filing directly with a Town Clerk.
- The data from the death certificate is then entered into the State's Electronic Death Registration System (EDRS) at the Department of Vital Statistics by the Town Clerk; copies may be obtained at any time thereafter at any Town Clerk's office.
- Once filed, a burial/transport permit will be issued; this paper gives next-of-kin authority to transport the body and must run with the body if it is transported to locations other than where the person died.
- Once the burial has occurred, the permit is signed by next-of-kin acting as a funeral director and filed with the Town Clerk within 6 days of burial.
- A funeral director may also be hired to handle and file the paperwork. A funeral director can also file it with the Town Clerk after burial for a fee.
- Social Security must be contacted within 30 days of the death.
Conventional Burial in a Lawn Cemetery
Modern burial in a conventional cemetery usually requires the use of a concrete or fiberglass grave liner and a hard-bottom casket. These requirements are dictated by convention rather than law, and the policies are often set forth in bylaws. Hands-on participation in graveside ceremonies; for example, in processionals, lowering, and closing may be permitted, though families may have to initiate discussion of these opportunities due to conventional cemetery staff's relative unfamiliarity with family involvement. Memorialization is usually limited to monuments and markers installed at a later date which can create another opportunity for a family-led service. Direct or immediate burial means that there is no contact with the deceased or ceremony either at the funeral home or graveside after the body is removed. (Read more about Types of Burial and Types of Cemeteries in our Glossary.)
To arrange a conventional burial, some cemetery operators and sextons are accustomed to having a funeral director make the arrangements in order to accommodate vault purchases and other scheduling needs. Families making these arrangements on their own will need to be extra diligent about understanding all of the requirements. (See Work with Professionals for more on coordinating directly with cemetery staff and our Create Ceremony page for more on services.)
To arrange a conventional burial, some cemetery operators and sextons are accustomed to having a funeral director make the arrangements in order to accommodate vault purchases and other scheduling needs. Families making these arrangements on their own will need to be extra diligent about understanding all of the requirements. (See Work with Professionals for more on coordinating directly with cemetery staff and our Create Ceremony page for more on services.)
Burial at Sea
Regulated by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), rules for burial at sea are found here. Families wishing to use this option without hiring a funeral director must follow these steps:
- For full body burials, obtain an appropriate weighted shroud or casket (see specifications): “[a]ll necessary measures shall be taken to ensure that the remains sink to the bottom rapidly and permanently.”
- Arrange for a suitable boat. Full bodies must be buried in water at least 600 feet deep, no closer than three nautical miles from land. Cremated remains can be released into or onto ocean water of any depth as long as it’s three nautical miles from land.
- The location of the ocean burial or scattering must be reported to the EPA Regional Administrator within 30 days of the burial. Find the on-line reporting form here and an FAQ about this reporting requirement here.
- Families handling their own death certificate must have the boat captain sign as Sexton on the burial/transit permit. Do not submit the death certificate to the EPA.
Military Veteran Burial
Whether or not a funeral director is involved, veterans can access their benefits and have a military burial of either a full body or of cremated remains. For burial in a military cemetery, typically veterans’ families are required to choose between either witnessed burial at the gravesite, or a short ceremony in a cemetery shelter. While funeral directors can coordinate this process, families can take the following steps on their own.
To arrange a military service:
The above information is for an ordinary funeral (not Burial at Sea or high-ranking officers or Medal of Honors), which usually includes two personnel who will perform Taps and fold and present the flag to the designated recipient.
The US Navy will perform full-body or cremated remains burial at sea for active duty or honorably discharged military from any branch of the service at no charge. Family are not allowed to accompany the remains and cannot choose the location. The east coast ports of embarkation for this program are currently Norfolk, VA and Newport, RI. (See Navy Burial at Sea.)
To order a flag for veteran burial, go to https://www.vba.va.gov/pubs/forms/vba-27-2008-are.pdf to complete and submit.
To arrange a military service:
- Determine the veteran's status:
- Do they have their DD 214 (Record of Military Service)?
- If they do not, go to www.va.gov/records (look for a blue link to the SF 180). Print the blank form and fill it in. Make sure to put the name the veteran used while in the service in Section I #1 and clarify their current name in Section III.
- If the veteran is still living, download the Application for Pre-Need Determination of Eligibility for Burial in a VA National Cemetery and print out the blank form. Filing this form makes the funeral scheduling go more smoothly.
- After the death: Call National Scheduling at 800-535-1117 to schedule the funeral. They will need the DD 214 scanned or faxed to them at 866-900-6417. You can also get information at their website at NCA.Scheduling.
- Learn more about what services are available by calling 1-800-535-1117 or go to their website Military Honors. (Funeral directors: call 1-877-645-4667)
- After the National Scheduling office does the scheduling, wait about 5-7 hours, then call the veteran's cemetery the family has chosen to ensure they have the Funeral Honors scheduled. You can search online for these cemeteries, such as: “VA cemetery Roseburg” and all their info will pop up. It’s important to confirm the time/date and any policies they have, such as, “Who provides the flag?”
The above information is for an ordinary funeral (not Burial at Sea or high-ranking officers or Medal of Honors), which usually includes two personnel who will perform Taps and fold and present the flag to the designated recipient.
The US Navy will perform full-body or cremated remains burial at sea for active duty or honorably discharged military from any branch of the service at no charge. Family are not allowed to accompany the remains and cannot choose the location. The east coast ports of embarkation for this program are currently Norfolk, VA and Newport, RI. (See Navy Burial at Sea.)
To order a flag for veteran burial, go to https://www.vba.va.gov/pubs/forms/vba-27-2008-are.pdf to complete and submit.
Body, Organ, and Tissue Donation
Full Body Donation
Donating bodies for medical research is arranged prior to death. To make arrangements, contact a reputable organization, as some receivers do not disclose the final use of the body and its parts. It can reportedly take up to 2 years for cremated remains to be returned to the family.
Organ and Tissue Donation
Organ and tissue donation is arranged prior to the death in most cases, although consent by presumption is also possible. Typical organs and tissue include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, bones, bone marrow, skin, gums, and corneas. Arrange for the donation prior to death, and indicate your preference in your advance directives as part of your discussion with family and physician.
Forensic Anthropology "Body Farms"
A body farm is a forensic anthropology research facility where decomposition can be studied in a variety of settings. Often re-enactments of unsolved deaths are staged to determine cause of death. They are also used to gain a better understanding of the decomposition process. Arrange for donation prior to death.
Questions to Consider
Request an Application or Learn More
Donating bodies for medical research is arranged prior to death. To make arrangements, contact a reputable organization, as some receivers do not disclose the final use of the body and its parts. It can reportedly take up to 2 years for cremated remains to be returned to the family.
Organ and Tissue Donation
Organ and tissue donation is arranged prior to the death in most cases, although consent by presumption is also possible. Typical organs and tissue include kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, bones, bone marrow, skin, gums, and corneas. Arrange for the donation prior to death, and indicate your preference in your advance directives as part of your discussion with family and physician.
Forensic Anthropology "Body Farms"
A body farm is a forensic anthropology research facility where decomposition can be studied in a variety of settings. Often re-enactments of unsolved deaths are staged to determine cause of death. They are also used to gain a better understanding of the decomposition process. Arrange for donation prior to death.
Questions to Consider
- Who benefits from this donation?
- Will the body be used to make a profit?
- How much will whole body donation cost (specifically, what are the costs of transportation and cremation)?
- Will I have the option of donating my corneas?
- Will the body remain in the region of New Hampshire?
- Will the cremated remains be returned to me following the donation process?
- Do you make available a complete listing of programs, companies, or institutions to which you supply tissues?
Request an Application or Learn More
- Geisel Medical School's Anatomical Gifts Program at Dartmouth College 603-650-1636, hanna.riendeau@dartmouth.edu
- UVM Medical School's Anatomical Gifts Program 802-656-4605, AGP@med.uvn.edu
- Forensic Anthropology Body Farms in the US
- Frequently Asked Questions About NH VT Body Donation
- Anatomy Gifts Registry
- ScienceCare
- MedCure Body Donation program
- For a list of others for profit, see the body donation page of Final Rights
- For a list of medical schools, see the medical schools page of Final Rights
- New England Organ Bank
- US Dept. of Health & Human Services
- Gift of Hope
- Donate Life
- Body Donors hour-long video on donating your body to medical science
Alkaline Hydrolysis, Recomposition, and Other Alternative Concepts
To learn more about the environmental price of the incomplete processes listed here, watch Cremation Curious
Alkaline Hydrolysis
New Hampshire does not allow alkaline hydrolysis, thought has been legalized and then disallowed by the legislature in the past. The closest facility for New Hampshirites is Direct Cremation of Maine in Belfast, Maine. Alkaline hydrolysis is a liquid process commonly used for animals and in medical settings that uses water and an alkali solution of potassium hydroxide to dissolve the body within several hours, leaving behind bone fragments and a sterile liquid. The bone fragments are typically ground to a powder similar to cremated remains. Interest is growing in this alternative to flame-based cremation because it uses significantly less fossil fuels, without any harmful emissions, with a similar outcome. Also called aquamation, water cremation, biocremation, flameless cremation, and resomation. A specific silk shroud compatible with the process is used; families should discuss other desires regarding dressing and containment of the body. Pricing will vary depending on funeral home arrangements with the provider and their mark-up. (See Disposition of Cremated Remains above and our Create Ceremony and Go Out Greener pages for more on service and product options for the remains.)
Recomposition, Natural Organic Reduction, or Human Composting
Human composting is legal in Washington, Oregon, Vermont, Colorado, California (in 2027), and New York only. Human composting relies on natural processes that assist the body in decomposing aerobically and efficiently. The above ground process, called recomposition, requires state approval; NOR in natural burial is already legal in all states. The State of Washington Legislature passed legislation in the spring of 2019 to legalize the process, based on research conducted by Recompose innovator Katrina Spade with several research teams, including Dr. Lynn Carpenter Boggs, Professor of Sustainable and Organic Agriculture at Washington State University. Also in Washington State, Herland Forest Burial Ground has been engineering an above-ground composting system called Natural Organic Reduction. The process, like cremation, is incomplete and will require disposal of several barrels of composted material. (Learn more at Recompose and Herland Forest, and read about Recompose in this Harper's Magazine article, To Be a Field of Poppies by Lisa Wells and in this New York Times piece If You Want To Give Something Back to Nature, Give Your Body by Caitlyn Doughty dated December 6, 2022.)
Mushroom Suits, Egg-shaped Burial Vessels, and Freeze-Dried Corpses
The Mushroom Suit is a burial garment inoculated with mycelium intended to neutralize toxins in the body, potentially speeding up the natural process of body decomposition and enhancing the available nutrient output. However, there are concerns in the conservation community regarding necessity, viability, and scientific support of the theory it is based on that is also not in concert with the GBC's commitment to natural, unfettered, and unimpeded decomposition. To create an informed opinion about this former art project, we suggest viewing and reading the following: My Mushroom Burial Suit with Jae Rhim Lee, Why Mushroom Suits Won't Work by Dr. Billy Campbell, Eco-Friendly Mushrooms Are on the Rise by Tim and Sarah Crews. You can see an excellent summation in "Mushroom Burial Suit" Called Into Question by Diane Ionescu.
The egg-shaped urn for cremated remains is made of what has been described as "biodegradable plastic", and is meant to be interred in the ground and have a tree of your own choosing planted over it. Given what we know about the biodegradability and nutrient harvest capability of cremated remains, the chances that a tree will grown to maturity proximate to the capsule is unproven. According to the Capsula Mundi website, "Ashes will be held in small egg-shaped bio urns while bodies will be laid down in a fetal position in larger pods." The urn is for sale on the website; however, there does not appear to be a product available for full body burial at this time.
The concept of freeze-drying a body with nitrogen to be vibrated and scattered is reportedly not supported as physically possible by scientists. The Swedish company Promessa was liquidated in 2015 reportedly due to an inability to build a functioning facility or prove viability. the person who pioneered the concept died in 2020, and there is evidence that others are revitalizing these efforts.
Alkaline Hydrolysis
New Hampshire does not allow alkaline hydrolysis, thought has been legalized and then disallowed by the legislature in the past. The closest facility for New Hampshirites is Direct Cremation of Maine in Belfast, Maine. Alkaline hydrolysis is a liquid process commonly used for animals and in medical settings that uses water and an alkali solution of potassium hydroxide to dissolve the body within several hours, leaving behind bone fragments and a sterile liquid. The bone fragments are typically ground to a powder similar to cremated remains. Interest is growing in this alternative to flame-based cremation because it uses significantly less fossil fuels, without any harmful emissions, with a similar outcome. Also called aquamation, water cremation, biocremation, flameless cremation, and resomation. A specific silk shroud compatible with the process is used; families should discuss other desires regarding dressing and containment of the body. Pricing will vary depending on funeral home arrangements with the provider and their mark-up. (See Disposition of Cremated Remains above and our Create Ceremony and Go Out Greener pages for more on service and product options for the remains.)
Recomposition, Natural Organic Reduction, or Human Composting
Human composting is legal in Washington, Oregon, Vermont, Colorado, California (in 2027), and New York only. Human composting relies on natural processes that assist the body in decomposing aerobically and efficiently. The above ground process, called recomposition, requires state approval; NOR in natural burial is already legal in all states. The State of Washington Legislature passed legislation in the spring of 2019 to legalize the process, based on research conducted by Recompose innovator Katrina Spade with several research teams, including Dr. Lynn Carpenter Boggs, Professor of Sustainable and Organic Agriculture at Washington State University. Also in Washington State, Herland Forest Burial Ground has been engineering an above-ground composting system called Natural Organic Reduction. The process, like cremation, is incomplete and will require disposal of several barrels of composted material. (Learn more at Recompose and Herland Forest, and read about Recompose in this Harper's Magazine article, To Be a Field of Poppies by Lisa Wells and in this New York Times piece If You Want To Give Something Back to Nature, Give Your Body by Caitlyn Doughty dated December 6, 2022.)
Mushroom Suits, Egg-shaped Burial Vessels, and Freeze-Dried Corpses
The Mushroom Suit is a burial garment inoculated with mycelium intended to neutralize toxins in the body, potentially speeding up the natural process of body decomposition and enhancing the available nutrient output. However, there are concerns in the conservation community regarding necessity, viability, and scientific support of the theory it is based on that is also not in concert with the GBC's commitment to natural, unfettered, and unimpeded decomposition. To create an informed opinion about this former art project, we suggest viewing and reading the following: My Mushroom Burial Suit with Jae Rhim Lee, Why Mushroom Suits Won't Work by Dr. Billy Campbell, Eco-Friendly Mushrooms Are on the Rise by Tim and Sarah Crews. You can see an excellent summation in "Mushroom Burial Suit" Called Into Question by Diane Ionescu.
The egg-shaped urn for cremated remains is made of what has been described as "biodegradable plastic", and is meant to be interred in the ground and have a tree of your own choosing planted over it. Given what we know about the biodegradability and nutrient harvest capability of cremated remains, the chances that a tree will grown to maturity proximate to the capsule is unproven. According to the Capsula Mundi website, "Ashes will be held in small egg-shaped bio urns while bodies will be laid down in a fetal position in larger pods." The urn is for sale on the website; however, there does not appear to be a product available for full body burial at this time.
The concept of freeze-drying a body with nitrogen to be vibrated and scattered is reportedly not supported as physically possible by scientists. The Swedish company Promessa was liquidated in 2015 reportedly due to an inability to build a functioning facility or prove viability. the person who pioneered the concept died in 2020, and there is evidence that others are revitalizing these efforts.
